[jamsat-news:3874] [ANS] ANS-091 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins
Paul Stoetzer via ANS
ans ＠ amsat.org
2024年 3月 31日 (日) 09:12:45 JST
*AMSAT *News Service*ANS-091*
*March 31, 2024*
In this edition:
- AMSAT-DL Proposes Next Generation GEO/MEO Amateur Radio Payload
- AMSAT-DL's ERMINAZ Satellites Complete IARU Frequency Coordination
- LoRa Digipeater Satellite from the U. S. Naval Academy Scheduled for
2025 Launch
- Changes to AMSAT-NA TLE Distribution for March 29, 2024
- ARISS News
- Upcoming Satellite Operations
- Hamfests, Conventions, Maker Faires, and Other Events
- Satellite Shorts From All Over
The AMSAT News Service bulletins are a free, weekly news and information
service of AMSAT, The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. ANS publishes
news related to Amateur Radio in Space including reports on the activities
of a worldwide group of Amateur Radio operators who share an active
interest in designing, building, launching and communicating through analog
and digital Amateur Radio satellites.
The news feed on https://www.amsat.org publishes news of Amateur Radio in
Space as soon as our volunteers can post it.
Please send any amateur satellite news or reports to: ans-editor [at]
amsat.org
You can sign up for free e-mail delivery of the AMSAT News Service
Bulletins via the ANS List; to join this list see:
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------------------------------
AMSAT-DL Proposes Next Generation GEO/MEO Amateur Radio Payload
At the request of the IARU, the European Space Agency (ESA) is supporting
an initiative to define a future amateur radio satellite payload in
geostationary orbit. The implementation is to take place through
collaborative cooperation between internal, industrial and amateur radio
participants. This activity will consolidate the requirements of the
amateur and commercial satellite industry, weigh up different payload
options, address the future user segment, develop scenarios for the
financing, procurement and operation of such a payload, and investigate
possibilities for placement on geostationary platforms.
This past weekend, AMSAT-DL released their proposal. AMSAT-UK, along with
the British Amateur Television Club, AMSAT-NA, and the UK Microwave Group
previously made a separate proposal
<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ESA-GEO-proposal-AMSAT-UK.pdf>.
AMSAT-DL's proposal
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AMSAT-DL_Proposal-Geo-Payload_final.pdf>
is written by the authors Kai Siebels, DH0SK and Matthias Bopp, DD1US. The
proposal takes into account the technical requirements and needs of radio
amateurs. Various aspects such as orbit, satellite and platform as well as
payload are taken into account.
Among the possible orbits such as MEO, HEO and GEO, the GEO orbit has
proven to be the most suitable due to the extensive experience with
OSCAR-100. A good compromise for the orbit position would be at ~43 degrees
West to also support Eastern European countries and most of North America.
A payload for amateur radio should allow the greatest possible scope for
experiments on different bands. Six bands could be used for the uplink to
enable experiments with different frequencies. The main uplink band is the
13 cm band, the main downlink band is the 3 cm band. All proposed band / NB
transponder combinations can be implemented at the ground station with very
reasonable effort.
A dedicated AMSAT (Amateur Radio) mission based on an ESA-supported Micro
GEO provides opportunities for several additional experiments that support
AMSAT’s education, science and development goals to inspire young people
with amateur radio technology. Finally, such a mission could also provide
an excellent platform for disaster/emergency communications directly via
the GEO satellite transponders.
Micro GEO and QO-100
Micro GEO satellites are a new class of small geostationary communications
satellites. They are around a tenth of the size of traditional
geostationary satellites and typically measure just one cubic meter. This
smaller size makes them significantly cheaper to manufacture and launch,
allowing satellite operators to offer customized regional services or gap
fillers that would not be financially feasible with large satellites.
The amateur radio payload “QO-100” on the Es’hail-2 geostationary
satellite, is a groundbreaking platform for the amateur radio community as
it represents the first geostationary payload for amateur radio. The
exemplary collaboration between AMSAT-DL, QARS and commercial partners on
this project to integrate amateur radio payloads into a commercial
satellite is a sign of the ongoing cooperation between the amateur radio
community and the commercial space industry. This synergy can open up new
avenues for amateur radio projects in space. QO-100 serves as a bridge
between traditional approaches and new possibilities, while remaining
firmly rooted in the principles of amateur radio. Its presence in
geostationary orbit is a triumph for the amateur radio community and a sign
that amateur radio can continue to play an important role in the
exploration and use of space.
SYNCART 2.0 on the Heinrich Hertz satellite
The Heinrich Hertz Satellite Mission (also known as H2Sat) is a national,
geostationary communications and research satellite. It was planned by the
Space Agency of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on behalf of the BMWi as
part of the German government’s space strategy and serves both independent
payloads (“hosted payloads”) and the in-orbit verification (IOV) of
technologies as well as for research purposes.
In July 2012, AMSAT-Germany (AMSAT-DL) proposed an amateur radio payload on
the Heinrich Hertz satellite with the name “SYNCART 2.0”
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Projektvorschlag-HeinrichHertz-Satellit-SmallGEO.pdf>.
This was a further development of the transponders of the P3-D
AMSAT-OSCAR-40 satellite in the X and K amateur radio bands and a beacon in
the 76 GHz band.
The objectives of the amateur radio payload were as follows:
- Development of the geostationary orbit for the amateur radio service
- Communication resource for emergency and disaster radio (with
low-power, small, simple technology)
- In-orbit verification of SDX technologies
- Promoting the spread of microwave technology
- Gaining new insights by studying propagation conditions in the 76 GHz
band for satellite applications
- Provision of a signal for the calibration of antennas, converters and
receivers, in particular for radio astronomical applications
- Stimulating the acquisition of scientific and technical education,
especially among schoolchildren and young people, by providing a
permanently available satellite resource, e.g. for use in teaching,
research and education
- Acquisition of concrete knowledge and experience with satellite
technologies and corresponding research opportunities in order to provide
the space industry with highly qualified specialists.
The concept aimed to make efficient and effective use of any remaining
H2Sat capacity.
The Heinrich Hertz feasibility study was completed in 2010. Planning phase
B was carried out from 2011 to 2013. In July 2012, AMSAT-DL submitted its
proposal for an amateur radio payload. Unfortunately, important positions
on the antenna deck and with the payloads were already occupied at this
point. There was also an approach for a Ka/Ka relaying transponder, but its
use would have been limited to two small spot beams to northern Germany and
southern Germany. At the time, this did not seem justifiable to our members
and the amateur radio community in terms of the cost/benefit ratio. After
it became clear that an amateur radio payload on the Heinrich Hertz
satellite in the proposed form was not feasible, the proposal was finally
withdrawn in September 2012.
Miraculously, however, a new window opened just a few months later! Initial
talks and contacts were held as early as December 2012, which ultimately
led to an amateur radio payload on the Es’hail-2 satellite, also known as
Qatar-OSCAR 100 or QO-100. Es’hail-2/QO-100 was launched aboard a SpaceX
Falcon 9 rocket on November 15, 2018. This project is a joint initiative of
the Qatar Satellite Company, the Qatar Amateur Radio Society and AMSAT-DL.
The satellite was built by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation in Japan and is
located in a geostationary orbit at 26° East.
Links
- Proposal for a Geostationary Microwave Amateur Radio Payload
[AMSAT-DL, DH0SK, DD1US, Mar2024]
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Projektvorschlag-HeinrichHertz-Satellit-SmallGEO.pdf>
- Definition of a future amateur satellite GEO/MEO payload [Frank
Zeppenfeldt (PD0AP), ESA, FOSDEM Feb2024]
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Support_for_GEO_payload_FOSDEM_Feb_2024_v1.pdf>
- Support For GEO Payload AMSAT DL Introduction V1 [Frank Zeppenfeldt
(PD0AP), ESA, AMSAT-DL Symposium 2023]
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/08_Support_for_GEO_payload_AMSAT-DL_introduction_v1.pptx>
- Proposal for a Geostationary Microwave Amateur Radio Payload
[AMSAT-UK, BATC]
<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ESA-GEO-proposal-AMSAT-UK.pdf>
- SYNCART 2.0 project proposal on the Heinrich Hertz satellite
[AMSAT-DL, 2012]
<https://amsat-dl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Projektvorschlag-HeinrichHertz-Satellit-SmallGEO.pdf>
*[ANS thanks AMSAT-DL for the above information]*
------------------------------
AMSAT-DL's ERMINAZ Satellites Complete IARU Frequency Coordination
AMSAT-DL'S ERMINAZ satellites have completed frequency coordination with
the IARU.
The ERMINAZ mission is a syndicated multi-PocketQube mission with a total
of 7 PQs under the leadership of AMSAT-Germany, which also holds the launch
contract with RFA under DLR support. The project is in collaboration
between AMSAT-DL, AMSAT-EA (Spain), ESERO-Germany (Bochum Observatory) and
Libre Space Foundation (Greece). The mission is to promote, advance and
develop knowledge about space and amateur radio. ERMINAZ-1U & ERMINAZ-1V
will transmit telemetry, images, provide a digipeat/store/forward
functionally to all radio amateurs worldwide. ERMINAZ-1U will operate in
the UHF amateur satellite band, while ERMINAZ-1V will operate in the VHF
amateur satellite band. Only non-proprietary, open source and documented
protocols, accessible to radio amateurs, will be used. This includes CCSDS
telemetry, CW beacon, SSDV images, digipeater, AX.25 und possibly other
modes. Telemetry and sensor data from radiation sensor and triaxial
accelerometer / gyroscope / magnetometer will allow any radio amateur to
participate by extending his knowledge about space. In addition, a
digipeater and store & forward function will allow licensed radio amateurs
to use ERMINAZ-1U/1V as a relay to communicate with other radio amateurs
worldwide. The mission will conduct several experiments with different
types of modulations, bandwidths, data rates and framing schemes: GFSK with
data rate from 9600 up to 19200 GFSK with data rate from 9600 up to 19200
bits/s GMSK with data rate from 9600 up to 19200 bits/s BPSK with data rate
from 9600 up to 19200 bits/s QPSK data rate from 19200 up to 38400 bits/s
Frames will using three different framing schemes configurable upon the
mission requirements: CSDS (residual or suppressed carrier) or IEEE
802.15.4 (preamble, sync) or AX.25. Planning a launch by RFA-Rocket Factory
Augsburg AG from SaxaVord Spaceport into a 500km polar orbit not earlier
than August 2024 together with UNNE-1 (HADES-E) and MARIA-G (HADES-F) from
AMSAT-EA and QUBIK 5 from LibreSpace.
Up and downlinks on 145.965 MHz (ERMINAZ-1V) and 435.775 MHz (ERMINAZ-1U)
have been coordinated.
*[ANS thanks AMSAT-DL and the IARU for the above information]*
------------------------------
LoRa Digipeater Satellite from the U. S. Naval Academy Scheduled for 2025
Launch
A 3U CubeSat. USNA-16 will provide UHF LoRa digipeater service to the
amateur radio service. Additionally, USNA-16 is a university-student
educational amateur radio mission. It will test a modular CubeSat design
and integration, as well as the efficacy of student-designed passive
magnetic pointing scheme for S-band operation. INCHsat payload will provide
UHF service to the amateur radio service. In addition INCHsat payload is a
university, student lead, educational amateur radio mission. It will test
custom designed and built components. Specifically it will test a custom
on-board computer, a custom radio (based off the OpenLST), a custom
motherboard, and a custom antenna deployment system. USNA-16 is a student
educational amateur radio mission. It will test a modular CubeSat design
and integration, as well as student-designed passive magnetic pointing
scheme. TT&C will occur at UHF (437.235 MHz, will be designated as UHF-TTC
in this document) and data downlinks will occur at 2.42GHz, both within the
amateur bands and both using the LoRa protocol. This will be the first
satellite launched by USNA using LoRa, with a potential future application
of APRS over LoRa. USNA-16 will also provide UHF LoRa digipeater service at
437.235 MHz to facilitate communication between amateur operators. INCHSat
is a student educational amateur radio mission built by students at the
University of Maryland, including the licensee, KC3VBJ. There are no paid
employees. The main goal is to enhance the aerospace skills of students in
a professional context. The students are learning about satellites and
space mission development and space communication by designing, building,
and launching a payload onboard a cube satellite. The payload consists of a
custom onboard computer, the radio, basic sensors, motherboard, and an
antenna deployment system. Communication with the payload will be performed
on the 437 MHz band from a ground station that will be constructed on the
UMD campus. This payload radio (437MHz) will be designated as UHF-PLD in
this document. USNA-16 will have a LoRa digipeater to serve the amateur
satellite community. LoRa offers low-power beyond-line-of-sight digital UHF
communications to the amateur community. Additionally, USNA-16 is a student
educational amateur service mission that communicates on amateur
frequencies. This will be the first satellite launched by USNA using the
LoRa protocol, with a potential future application of APRS over LoRa.
INCHsat payload is for the purpose of the training of UMD students in the
construction and development of aerospace components. It also tests the
components that we have developed on our own for future missions and
research purposes with no commercial benefit. INCHsat payload will have a
radio based on the open source OpenLST from Planet Labs to serve the
amateur satellite community. INCHsat payload is also a student educational
amateur service mission that will be communicating data obtained on amateur
frequencies. Pending the mission success the code and schematics of the
components used will be published as a cheaper alternative for amateur
teams looking to launch a cube satellite. Proposing these downlinks
UHF-TTC, 437.235 MHz, U/D, LoRa protocol @ 3.42 kbps data rate and on
S-band, 2.42 GHz, LoRa protocol @ 60 kbps data rate. UHF LoRa Digipeater:
437.235 MHz UHF-PLD : Frequency range is 430-445 MHz GSFK-2 @ 7416 baud
protocol. Planning an NG STP-29A launch from Vandenberg in Jan 2025 into a
500 km 60 degree inclination orbit with 10 CubeSats to orbit as part of the
OSP-4 program, with a total approximate mass of 400kg. Other university
CubeSats on STP-29A include AggieSat-6, Auris, MOCI and INCA-2. More info
at https://www.usna.edu/SSEL/Programs/index.php#nass
<https://www.usna.edu/SSEL/Programs/index.php#nass>
Coordination for downlinks on 437.235 MHz and 2420 MHz has been provided.
*[ANS thanks the U.S Naval Academy and the IARU for the above information]*
------------------------------
*The 2024 Coins Are Here Now!Help Support GOLF and Fox Plus.**Join
<https://www.amsat.org/join-the-amsat-presidents-club/> the AMSAT
President’s Club today!*
------------------------------
Changes to AMSAT-NA TLE Distribution for March 29, 2024
Two Line Elements or TLEs, often referred to as Keplerian elements or keps
in the amateur community, are the inputs to the SGP4 standard mathematical
model of spacecraft orbits used by most amateur tracking programs. Weekly
updates are completely adequate for most amateur satellites. TLE bulletin
files are updated Thursday evenings around 2300 UTC, or more frequently if
new high interest satellites are launched. More information may be found at
https://www.amsat.org/keplerian-elements-resources/
The following satellite has been removed from this week's AMSAT-NA TLE
distribution:
XW-2E NORAD Cat ID 40909 Decayed from orbit on or about 28 March 2024
*[ANS thanks Joe Fitzgerald, KM1P, AMSAT Orbital Elements Manager, for the
above information]*
------------------------------
*Need new satellite antennas? Purchase an M2 LEO-Pack from the **AMSAT
Store! <https://amsat.org/product-category/hardware/>**When you purchase
through **AMSAT, a portion of the proceeds goes towards **Keeping Amateur
Radio in Space.*
------------------------------
ARISS News
Amateurs and others around the world may listen in on contacts between
amateurs operating in schools and allowing students to interact with
astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station. The
downlink frequency on which to listen is 145.800 MHz worldwide.
*Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, direct via NN4ER*
The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be NA1SS
The scheduled crewmember is Loral O’Hara KI5TOM, Matthew Dominick KCØTOR,
Jeanette Epps KF5QNU, or Mike Barratt KD5MIJ
The ARISS mentor is AJ9N
Contact is go for: Wed 2024-04-03 15:22:17 UTC 34 deg
*Collège Théodore Monod, Gagny, France, direct via TM2ISS*
The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be OR4ISS
The scheduled crewmember is Loral O’Hara KI5TOM, Jeanette Epps KF5QNU,
Matthew Dominick KCØTOR, or Mike Barratt KD5MIJ
The ARISS mentor is F6ICS
Contact is go for: Thu 2024-04-04 14:51:07 UTC 55 deg
*Volga State University, Russia, direct via TBD*
The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be RSØISS
The scheduled crewmember is Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE
The ARISS mentor is RV3DR
Contact is go for Sun 2024-04-07 09:20 UTC
As always, if there is an EVA, a docking, or an undocking; the ARISS radios
are turned off as part of the safety protocol.
The crossband repeater continues to be active (145.990 MHz up {PL 67} &
437.800 MHz down), If any crewmember is so inclined, all they have to do
is pick up the microphone, raise the volume up, and talk on the crossband
repeater. So give a listen, you just never know.
Note, all times are approximate. It is recommended that you do your own
orbital prediction or start listening about 10 minutes before the listed
time.
The latest information on the operation mode can be found at
https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html
The latest list of frequencies in use can be found at
https://www.ariss.org/contact-the-iss.html
*[ANS thanks Charlie Sufana, AJ9N, one of the ARISS operation team mentors
for the above information]*
------------------------------
Upcoming Satellite OperationsQuick Hits:
Jay Stephenson, WA1JAY, pays a visit to Paradise Isl. from March 15 to
April 2. QRV as C6A/WA1JAY on HF (SSB, FT4/8) and via FM satellites. QSL
via ClubLog OQRS, LoTW.
Major Roves:
*NOIRMOUTIER ISLAND SAT DXPEDITION 2024*
*First bits from TM4J…!*
*Additionally, F4DXV will be QRV for RS-44 at 1227z on 1st April, listening
for NA, Caribbean, and SA. No QRG info at the moment.*
*F4DXV* Jérôme (@F4DXV <https://twitter.com/f4dxv>) and *EA4NF* Philippe (
@EA4NF_SAT <https://twitter.com/ea4nf_sat>) announce that they will be
actívating Noirmoutier island EU-064 IN86 from April 1 to 4, 2024 with the
special callsign *TM4J*
In an exciting initiative, Jérôme F4DXV and Philippe EA4NF are preparing
for an exceptional expedition to the island of Noirmoutier from 1 to 4
April 2024. Bearing the special call sign TM4J, this experienced team will
devote themselves entirely to exploring satellite possibilities, offering a
unique opportunity to radio enthusiasts the world over.
This international expedition will focus entirely on the LEO, GEO (QO-100)
and MEO (GREENCUBE IO-117) satellites, with a variety of modes and
operators. Jérôme and Philippe, experts in the field of portable satellite
communications, will provide 24-hour coverage over several days, offering
an unrivalled experience from this picturesque island in the Vendée.
This International DXpedition is the 1st 100% SAT from this French island.
Jérôme F4DXV:
120 DXCC LEO SAT
6 international DX expeditions by satellite
24 world distance records on LEO SAT
Philippe EA4NF:
126 DXCC LEO SAT
16 international DX expeditions by satellite
1 world distance record on LEO SAT
Captivating videos of their performances are available on YouTube, offering
a glimpse of their expertise in amateur satellite communications in
portable situations.
The main objective of this expedition is to maximise contacts with various
countries during the 3-day activation, while offering operators around the
world the rare opportunity to contact the highly coveted IN86 grid, in
addition to accumulating DXCC and IOTA contacts.
Funded entirely by the two operators, the expedition will benefit from
state-of-the-art technical resources, enabling uninterrupted activity 24
hours a day.
This initiative also aims to raise awareness of amateur radio among the
general public, by highlighting satellite communication both to visitors on
site and through the media.
Jérôme and Philippe will be happy to answer any questions you may have
about amateur radio communication via satellite.
Some picture are available on : Expédition Satellite sur l’Île de
Noirmoutier en 2024 | AMSAT Francophone (amsat-f.org)
<https://site.amsat-f.org/2024/02/29/expedition-satellite-sur-lile-de-noirmoutier-en-2024/>
*Updates available on @TM4J_SAT <https://twitter.com/tm4j_sat>*
*[ANS thanks Ian Parsons, K5ZM, AMSAT Rover Page Manager, for the above
information]*
------------------------------
* Want to fly the colors on your own grid expedition?*
Get an AMSAT car flag and other neat stuff from our Zazzle store
<https://www.zazzle.com/store/amsat_gear>!
25% of the purchase price of each product goes towards Keeping Amateur
Radio in Space
------------------------------
Hamfests, Conventions, Maker Faires, and Other Events
AMSAT Ambassadors provide presentations, demonstrate communicating through
amateur satellites, and host information tables at club meetings, hamfests,
conventions, maker faires, and other events.
AMSAT Ambassador Clint Bradford, K6LCS, says,
"Think a 75-minute presentation on "working the easy satellites" would be
appropriate for your club or event? Let me know by emailing me at
k6lcsclint (at) gmail (dot) com or calling me at 909-999-SATS (7287)!"
Clint has NEVER given the exact same show twice: EACH of the 150+
presentations so far has been customized/tailored to their audiences.
Scheduled Events
*2024 CubeSat Developer’s Workshop*
April 23-25, 2024
San Luis Obispo, CA
https://www.cubesatdw.org/
*Dayton Hamvention 2024*
Friday May 17th through Sunday May 19th, 2024
Greene County Fairgrounds and Expo Center
120 Fairground Road
Xenia, OH 45385
https://hamvention.org
*[ANS thanks Clint Bradford, K6LCS, and AMSAT for the above information]*
------------------------------
Satellite Shorts from All Over
+ Shields up! On October 19, 1989, a monstrous X13 class solar flare
triggered a geomagnetic storm so strong that auroras lit up the skies
worldwide the following day. Had you been flying around the Moon at that
time, you would have absorbed a dose that would most likely kill you within
a month or so. This is why the Orion spacecraft that is supposed to take
humans on a Moon fly-by mission this year has a heavily shielded storm
shelter for the crew. But shelters like that aren’t sufficient for a flight
to Mars. To obtain protection comparable to what we enjoy on Earth would
require hundreds of tons of material, and that's simply not possible in
orbit. The primary alternative—using active shields that deflect charged
particles just like the Earth’s magnetic field does—was first proposed in
the 1960s. Today, we’re finally close to making it work. Fascinating full
article at https://bit.ly/3PANp67 (ANS thanks ARS Technica for the above
information.)
+ Not an April Fool's joke: The U.S. Army has conducted a series of
experiments, beginning in 1904 and continuing into the 1970s, on using
trees as shortwave antennas. "It would seem that living vegetation may play
a more important part in electrical phenomena than has been generally
supposed. If, as indicated... in these experiments, the earth surface is
already generously provided with efficient antennas which we have but to
utilize for communications." For complete details on how to turn the oak in
your yard into a radiator for the 60 meter band, there's a 55-page
scientific paper at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0742230.pdf (ANS
thanks The Orbital Index for the above information.)
+ I've been workin' on the railroad: Northrop Grumman Corporation was
selected this month by DARPA to further develop the concept of building a
moon-based railroad network as part of the broader 10-year Lunar
Architecture Capability Study. The envisioned lunar railroad network could
transport humans, supplies and resources for commercial ventures across the
lunar surface. (ANS thanks The Orbital Index for the above information.)
------------------------------
Join AMSAT today at https://launch.amsat.org/
In addition to regular membership, AMSAT offers membership to:
- Societies (a recognized group, clubs or organization).
- Primary and secondary school students are eligible for membership at
one-half the standard yearly rate.
- Post-secondary school students enrolled in at least half time status
shall be eligible for the student rate for a maximum of 6 post-secondary
years in this status.
- Memberships are available for annual and lifetime terms.
Contact info [at] amsat.org for additional membership information.
*73 and remember to help Keep Amateur Radio in Space!*
*This week's ANS Editor,*
*Paul Stoetzer, N8HM*
*n8hm [at] amsat.org <http://amsat.org>*
*ANS is a service of AMSAT, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation, 712 H
Street NE, Suite 1653, Washington, DC 20002*
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